320. Fixed costs and input rates
Optimal input rates (e.g. of fertilizer to a crop) are not affected by fixed costs. I had an interesting discussion with a Canadian poultry farmer last month, who needed to be convinced of this fact.
In Canada last month I gave a seminar at the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs on water pollution from agricultural fertilizers, and how an understanding of the economics of fertilizer application can help identify cost-effective policy strategies for reducing pollution.
One thing I talked about was the economics of applying too much fertilizer (more than would be in the farmer’s own financial interests).
One attendee at the seminar was a poultry farmer (who was also a scientist) who later wanted to talk to me about a reason for increasing input rates that I had not mentioned. The reason he suggested was that, by increasing input rates a farmer can increase his or her production, and even if the resulting increase in revenue is not enough to cover the additional input costs, it helps to dilute the fixed costs of production over a larger value of outputs, making the farmer better off overall.
He said that this is an idea that is common amongst poultry farmers, at least in Ontario. The problem is that it’s completely wrong. There is no way that increasing input rates above the level that maximises the difference between revenue and input costs can make a farmer better off, even if it does mean that the average fixed costs per unit of output is lower.
A simple numerical example will make this clear.
Fixed costs ($/ha) | Fertilizer cost ($/ha) | Yield (tonne/ha) | Revenue ($/ha) | Net revenue ($/ha) | Average fixed cost ($/tonne) |
50 | 0 | 1.1 | 220 | 170 | 45.45 |
50 | 20 | 1.5 | 300 | 230 | 33.33 |
50 | 40 | 1.8 | 360 | 270 | 27.77 |
50 | 60 | 2.0 | 400 | 290 | 25.00 |
50 | 80 | 2.05 | 410 | 280 | 24.39 |
50 | 100 | 2.08 | 416 | 266 | 24.04 |
50 | 120 | 2.1 | 420 | 250 | 23.81 |
In this example, there is a production cost of $50/ha which is not affected by the rate of fertilizer used. In this sense it is “fixed”.
As the rate of fertilizer applied increases, the input cost goes up, and so does the crop yield, although it increases at a decreasing rate.
The net revenue is the difference between the revenue and the total costs (fixed costs plus fertilizer costs). Given this pattern of revenue and costs, the fertilizer rate that maximises net revenue is the rate corresponding to a cost of $60/ha (the fourth row of numbers in the table), giving a net revenue of $290/ha. This is the fertilizer rate that maximises profit to the farmer.
The last column shows the fixed cost per unit of production. Because the yield keeps increasing at fertilizer rates above the economic optimum, the fixed cost per unit of production keeps falling. The lowest fixed cost per unit of production is in the last row of the table, but this clearly doesn’t have the highest profit.
When you are considering the optimal level of an input, the only costs that matter are the costs that vary as you vary the level of the input. Fixed costs cannot possibly affect the optimal rate of an input because they are fixed. They stay the same at all input rates. The fact that average fixed costs per unit of output might fall at higher input rates is completely irrelevant.
I think I convinced the Canadian poultry farmer. He said he was going to talk to his other farmer friends about it.
Although boosting an input rate loses a farmer money, in many cases the amount lost will be quite small unless the input rate is especially high (due to “flat payoff functions” – see Pannell 2006). That may be why the error has not been detected by the farmer or his friends. The loss may be too small to be noticeable.
To the extent that farmers think that diluting fixed costs is a good idea, explaining to them that it is pointless may help to reduce some farmers’ tendency to apply too much fertilizer. If successful, this may contribute to reducing water pollution.
Further reading
Pannell, D.J. (2006). Flat-earth economics: The far-reaching consequences of flat payoff functions in economic decision making, Review of Agricultural Economics 28(4), 553-566. Journal web page * Prepublication version here (44K). * IDEAS page
Pannell, D.J. (2017). Economic perspectives on nitrogen in farming systems: managing trade-offs between production, risk and the environment, Soil Research 55, 473-478. Journal web page
Good one David. Not to mention the opportunity cost of spending this on fertiliser and not on something else that would produce a better return, since most farmers have a shortage of cash at seeding so should be optimising across inputs, or that it does not account for risk since the production functions are stochastic. Had the same experience with smallholder farmers in the Philippines. So much for some science training – once had an agronomist Tasmania many years ago tell us extension officers that the optimal P input was at the flat part of the production function. There was stunned silence. Needless to say we were not impressed as we all knew better and some farmers had been telling us that the rate was too high. Of course the researchers thought we were too dumb to know about these things. We have been doing farm man training in the sub continent & I always insist that they need to understand basic pdn econs before anything else. People always confuse the implications of marginal and average indices. Cheers Roy PS beginning to forget my times table to solve the problem??
Thanks Roy. In the previous PD post (#319) There is some evidence and explanation about the effect of risk in this sort of decision problem.
Dave, interesting story. It’s amazing how poorly understood such a simple concept as fixed and variable costs can be.
Perhaps the Canadian farmer was thinking that the response to variable inputs remains constant, rather than diminishing returns as usually applies. While fixed costs per unit of output decline, variable costs per unit of output increase because of diminishing returns.
I suspect we’ll see more of this sort of misunderstanding here as our capacity to teach farm management subjects to agricultural scientists (and farmers and farm advisers) has diminished.